Esta comunicación examina cómo la pandemia de la COVID-19 ha impactado en la ya existente brecha de género en la trayectoria académica de las investigadoras y docentes de nuestras universidades. Para examinar dicho impacto, se realiza una revisión de varias investigaciones realizadas en España y en Portugal durante el periodo de confinamiento derivado de la pandemia. Los resultados recabados indican que durante el confinamiento creció la producción científica de los varones, y disminuyó la de las mujeres, entre otras diferencias relacionadas (...) con el trabajo académico en general (docencia, gestión, investigación). Una de las principales causas apunta a la brecha de cuidados existente. Esta situación requiere la necesidad de ampliar las medidas para evitar la desigualdad de género en la academia. (shrink)

Recently, contemporary epistemology come systematically discussing the theme of disagreement. In our everyday life, although many cases can be seen as merely apparent disagreements, there are also some cases where disputes are legitimates and the disagreements are real. But, would be possible to occur real disagreements between agents we consider epistemic peers? If that is possible, how can we react to these cases, in others words, what is the correct rational attitude in cases of peer disagreements? These are some of (...) the main questions raised by what we call epistemology of disagreements. The aim of this article is to offer a general vision of this contemporary debate. Firstly, i will to present the problem and demonstrate why the scenario of disagreement - mainly between epistemic peers - would be an important philosophical question. Then, i will to present the main theoretical alternatives that arose on the contemporary epistemology as an answers to this problem. Therefore, the aim of this article is to be explanatory it not search for any original position on this debate. (shrink)

This opinion paper takes aim at an error made recently by Clarivate Analytics in which it sent out an email that congratulated academics for becoming exclusive members of academia’s most cited elite, the Highly Cited Researchers. However, that email was sent out to an undisclosed number of non-HCRs, who were offered an apology shortly after, through a bulk mail, which tried to down-play the importance of the error, all the while praising the true HCRs. When Clarivate Analytics senior management was (...) contacted, the company declined to offer an indication of the number of academics who had been contacted and erroneously awarded the HCR status. We believe that this regrettable blunder, together with the opacity offered by the company, fortify the corporate attitude about the value of the journal impact factor, and what it represents, namely a marketing tool that is falsely used to equate citations with quality, worth, or influence. The continued commercialization of metrics such as the JIF is at the heart of their use to assess the “quality” of a researcher, their work, or a journal, and contributes to a great extent to driving scientific activities towards a futile endeavor. (shrink)

Bottom of the Pyramid organizations are the ones that develop a set of capabilities that contribute to create short- and long-term sustainability values inside and outside the boundaries of BoP ecosystems. Capabilities have an important role in BoP organizations’ strategies that aim to solve BoP issues. Notwithstanding its developments, BoP research still lacks theoretical contributions for the analysis of organizations. We suggest special attention to the need of advancing knowledge on capabilities of BoP organizations because this field is scattered and (...) fragmented, misinterpreted, and still underdeveloped in the literature. We oriented our research formulating and seeking answers to our main question on what are the capabilities needed to enable organizations to create sustainability values in BoP ecosystems? We conducted an integrative review of BoP research for the period from 1998 to 2019, and we found 22 key capabilities of BoP organizations. We organized the capabilities into four major categories including BoP Responsible Consumption, BoP Responsible Business Model, BoP Responsible Management, and BoP Responsible Innovation. We advanced propositions and discussions regarding the capabilities and major categories’ popularity, interdependence and combination, short- and long-term temporal functions, sustainability roles, and effectiveness to address BoP issues. Our article organizes the field of capabilities of BoP organizations; advances contributions and implications for management, organizations, and policymaking; and opens fruitful avenues for future research. (shrink)

The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES) debate is gaining ground in contemporary evolutionary biology. In parallel, a number of philosophical standpoints have emerged in an attempt to clarify what exactly is represented by the EES. For Massimo Pigliucci, we are in the wake of the newest instantiation of a persisting Kuhnian paradigm; in contrast, Telmo Pievani has contended that the transition to an EES could be best represented as a progressive reformation of a prior Lakatosian scientific research program, with the extension (...) of its Neo-Darwinian core and the addition of a brand-new protective belt of assumptions and auxiliary hypotheses. Here, we argue that those philosophical vantage points are not the only ways to interpret what current proposals to ‘extend’ the Modern Synthesis-derived ‘standard evolutionary theory’ (SET) entail in terms of theoretical change in evolutionary biology. We specifically propose the image of the emergent EES as a vast network of models and interweaved representations that, instantiated in diverse practices, are connected and related in multiple ways. Under that assumption, the EES could be articulated around a paraconsistent network of evolutionary theories (including some elements of the SET), as well as models, practices and representation systems of contemporary evolutionary biology, with edges and nodes that change their position and centrality as a consequence of the co-construction and stabilization of facts and historical discussions revolving around the epistemic goals of this area of the life sciences. We then critically examine the purported structure of the EES—published by Laland and collaborators in 2015—in light of our own network-based proposal. Finally, we consider which epistemic units of Evo-Devo are present or still missing from the EES, in preparation for further analyses of the topic of explanatory integration in this conceptual framework. (shrink)

O presente trabalho consiste na análise do enunciado “experiências sensatas e demonstrações necessárias”, que Galileu utiliza em seus argumentos em favor da autonomia da ciência na “Carta a Castelli”. Nosso propósito é explicar o enunciado “experiências sensatas e demonstrações necessárias” como sendo o critério de conhecimento dos fatos da realidade física que Galileu estava propondo com seu conceito de “ciência”. Explicaremos os procedimentos particulares que definiriam os itens “experiências sensatas” e “demonstrações necessárias” do critério de Galileu. Por um lado, as (...) experiências sensatas estariam baseadas na interpretação matemática dos efeitos derivados de causas rigorosamente observadas. Por outro lado, as demonstrações necessárias seriam baseadas no procedimento do “regresso demonstrativo” (regressus demonstrativus). Através de sua forma lógica, o regressus estabelece um tipo de demonstração utilizada especialmente nas explicações dos fatos físicos, oferecendo, desse modo, uma descrição verdadeira da realidade. Dessa forma, uma vez que o regressus fosse aplicado aos efeitos interpretados matematicamente, teríamos uma descrição verdadeira da realidade. Em uma postura filosófica, Galileu estava propondo uma física baseada na matemática que descrevesse verdadeiramente, e não instrumentalmente, a realidade. (shrink)

In the present work we propose to present the way in which Heidegger treats the concept of anguish in his inaugural class What is Metaphysics?, emphasizing the relation between the awakening of anguish and the revelation of being. At the same time, we propose to confront the treatment of the concept of anguish in the lecture and the one that Heidegger gives to the concept in Being and Time. Indeed, in his lecture Heidegger presents anguish as a manifestation of nothingness, (...) in which the revelation of the being as such to the Dasein occurs. On the other hand, in § 40 of Being and Time Heidegger presents anguish as the disposition that removes Dasein from de-cadence and singularizes it, that is, places it before itself. With this, we will show the unfolding of the concept of anguish, from the most existential approach of the major treatise to the more ontological perspective of the lecture. (shrink)

This text presents some elective affinities and differences between the works of two powerful media theoreticians of the 20th century: Water Benjamin and Vilém Flusser. Both authors have shaped original perspectives on the relationship between art and technology. While holding a special place for the theory of photography, both have reflected upon the history of writing and its transformations during Modernity. In addition, both Benjamin and Flusser dedicated important texts to the question of translation and the philosophy of language. This (...) text also examines the differences between the Benjaminian theory of writing and image reproduction connected to his concept of post-auratic images, and, on the other hand, the Flusserian theory of technical and post-historical images. (shrink)

Contemporary evolutionary biology comprises a plural landscape of multiple co-existent conceptual frameworks and strenuous voices that disagree on the nature and scope of evolutionary theory. Since the mid-eighties, some of these conceptual frameworks have denounced the ontologies of the Modern Synthesis and of the updated Standard Theory of Evolution as unfinished or even flawed. In this paper, we analyze and compare two of those conceptual frameworks, namely Niles Eldredge’s Hierarchy Theory of Evolution (with its extended ontology of evolutionary entities) and (...) the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (with its proposal of an extended ontology of evolutionary processes), in an attempt to map some epistemic bridges (e.g. compatible views of causation; niche construction) and some conceptual rifts (e.g. extra-genetic inheritance; different perspectives on macroevolution; contrasting standpoints held in the “externalism–internalism” debate) that exist between them. This paper seeks to encourage theoretical, philosophical and historiographical discussions about pluralism or the possible unification of contemporary evolutionary biology. (shrink)

El agua como bien vital de todo ser vivo, ante un estado de vulnerabilidad, daño y/o riesgo puede manifestarse como conflicto socio ambiental. En el mapeo del conflicto se identifican diversos actores, sin embargo, un actor imprescindible son los miembros de la comunidad en el que emergen conflictos que deben ser gestionados para llevar a un consenso de bien común. El estudio de caso expuesto, aborda y describe elementos esenciales que deben ser previstos en la gestión y acuerdos de conflicto (...) entre miembros de ejidos, comunidades y/o pueblos indígenas desde la interpretación del lenguaje social y cultural. (shrink)

The contention that medical artificial intelligence (AI) should be ‘explainable’ is widespread in contemporary philosophy and in legal and best practice documents. Yet critics argue that ‘explainability’ is not a stable concept; non-explainable AI is often more accurate; mechanisms intended to improve explainability do not improve understanding and introduce new epistemic concerns; and explainability requirements are ad hoc where human medical decision-making is often opaque. A recent ‘political response’ to these issues contends that AI used in high-stakes scenarios, including medical (...) AI, must be explainable to meet basic standards of legitimacy: People are owed reasons for decisions that impact their vital interests, and this requires explainable AI. This article demonstrates why the political response fails. Attending to systemic considerations, as its proponents desire, suggests that the political response is subject to the same criticisms as other arguments for explainable AI and presents new issues. It also suggests that decision-making about non-explainable medical AI can meet public reason standards. The most plausible version of the response amounts to a simple claim that public reason demands reasons why AI is permitted. But that does not actually support explainable AI or respond to criticisms of strong requirements for explainable medical AI. (shrink)

A fenomenologia encontra-se em um momento crítico, enquanto investigadores reinterpretam textos canônicos e reverenciados de Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger e Maurice Merleau-Ponty para tentar demonstrar sua importância política e ética. Mais especificamente, os fenomenólogos desejam demonstrar a relevância da fenomenologia para as análises críticas das diversas identidades sociais. Devido aos compromissos metodológicos com o método transcendental, uma predileção por evidências apodíticas, o apelo para a suspensão da atitude natural e a busca por categorias ontológicas gerais, os investigadores contemporâneos não reconheceram (...) imediatamente a fenomenologia como uma fonte provável para teorizar as estruturas históricas e contingentes. Talvez o problema seja que a própria Filosofia em si, como observa Helen Ngo (2019), tem “uma tendência bem conhecida em direção à abstração e à conceitualização que pode dificultar o reconhecimento da natureza profundamente histórica e da especificidade situada do racismo” (p. 207; grifo nosso). De fato, a descrição de Ngo sobre o “acerto de contas” da raça pela Filosofia é muito apropriada; a Filosofia precisa confrontar suas práticas de omissão e supressão ou, em resumo, seu racismo. Certamente, uma filosofia como a fenomenologia, que leva a sério a experiência vivida e o mundo da vida, precisa teorizar a raça como uma característica fundamental da experiência vivida e da criação de sentidos. Não fazer isso indicaria um profundo fracasso em se envolver com o famoso “problema da linha de cor” que W. E. B. Du Bois (1989) entendeu tão agudamente como o principal problema do século XX, mas que claramente continua a nos assombrar. (shrink)

Este artigo procura desenvolver o conceito de "crítica" no primeiro romantismo, sobretudo em seus principais representantes, Friedrich Schlegel e Novalis. A partir destes autores já não se pode falar de uma obra de arte desvinculada da reflexão sobre ela, mas, por sua vez, a própria "critica" deve se tomar arte.

This paper shows the relevance of an evolutionary model for the study of language change. We focus on a cognitive and usage-based approach to language change, namely the Theory of Utterance Selection developed by Croft (2000). Croft's evolutionary approach takes its inspiration from neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory, particularly the Generalized Theory of Selection developed by Hull (1988), a philosopher of science. Language is viewed as a system of use governed by convention, and language change results from breaking with convention and propagating (...) this innovation through the linguistic community until it becomes a new convention. Crucially, altered replication can be equated with language innovation, and propagation of individual changes is the linguistic counterpart of the differential perpetuation or selection of replicators. We will argue within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics (Geeraerts & Cuyckens, 2007) for a more systematic integration of cognitive and social factors in the explanation of language change. The mechanisms for language innovation are cognitive, as the pnnciples of cognitive efficiency like prototypicality constitute the main motivations for language change and metaphor and metonymy the main cognitive mechanisms of semantic change. The mechanisms for propagation are essentially social, including processes such as accommodation, identity and prestige. All of these mechanisms occur in individual communicative acts and operate like an "invisible hand" (Keller, 1994). We illustrate the sociocognitive evolutionary model of language change with some case studies on semantic change in Portuguese. (shrink)

Retractions are on the rise as a result of a surge in post-publication peer review and an emboldened anonymous whistle-blowing movement. Cognizant that their brand may be damaged as a result of not...

The main objective of this research is to identify the current panorama of scientific production associated with governance in university institutions. A bibliometric analysis was developed in Scopus using R Core Team 2022-Bibliometrix and Vosviewer software. The results highlight the countries with the highest productivity in the topic of study, with the most representative authors favoring the understanding of governance. The main thematic clusters stand out. It recognizes the role of university governance and its migration to direct spaces and the (...) transition from a face-to-face model. (shrink)

Esse artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa de imagens nos arquivos da ditadura brasileira, para a realização de um filme documentário histórico. As estratégias políticas de acesso aos documentos do período e os procedimentos estéticos desenvolvidos na montagem para a valorização desses acervos são, aqui, analisados, com o intuito de extrair dessa experiência empírica ensinamentos sobre a escrita da história no cinema.

Editors have increasing pressure as scholarly publishing tries to shore up trust and reassure academics and the public that traditional peer review is robust, fail-safe, and corrective. Hidden conflicts of interest may skew the fairness of the publishing process because they could allow the status of personal or professional relationships to positively influence the outcome of peer review or reduce the processing period of this process. Not all authors have such privileged relationships. In academic journals, editors usually have very specialized (...) skills and are selected as agents of trust, entrusted with the responsibility of serving as quality control gate-keepers during peer review. In many cases, editors form extensive networks, either with other professionals, industry, academic bodies, journals, or publishers. Such networks and relationships may influence their decisions or even their subjectivity towards a set of submitting authors, paper, or institute, ultimately influencing the peer review process. These positions and relationships are not simply aspects of a curriculum, they are potential COIs. Thus, on the editorial board of all academic journals, editors should carry a COI statement that reflects their past history, as well as actual relationships and positions that they have, as these may influence their editorial functions. (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta o resultado de uma pesquisa desenvolvida no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de História da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (ProfHistória/UFU). Nos limites do texto o objetivo consistiu em apresentar o processo que culminou na elaboração do Curso intitulado “Por uma educação antirracista: o estudo da história da África, cultura afro-brasileira e relações étnico-raciais” produzido como resultado da pesquisa desenvolvida no mestrado profissional, tendo como base e público alvo estudantes jovens e adultos. O estudo está fundamentado em uma (...) pesquisa qualitativa, com revisão bibliográfica em livros e artigos acadêmicos tendo como principais referências autores que realizaram estudos sobre Educação de Jovens e adultos (EJA) e Educação e relações étnico-raciais. Analisamos documentos que regularizam a educação brasileira e as leis antirracistas dedicando atenção especial à Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação (LDB) 9.394/96 e à Lei 10.639/03, alterada posteriormente pela Lei 11.645/08 que estabelece a obrigatoriedade da temática História e cultura afro-brasileira e indígena. Recorreu também a um questionário diagnóstico aplicado aos jovens e adultos estudantes do Centro Estadual de Educação Continuada (CESEC Uberlândia). Conclui-se que para efetivar uma educação antirracista, o ensino de História da África e Cultura Afro-Brasileira não pode se limitar a ações pontuais. É necessário descolonizar os currículos. (shrink)

In this article we analyse the role of the principle of relativity and the generalisation of Lorentz transformations in Einstein's relativistic physics, whose philosophical ideal was the construction of an image of nature endowed with maximum unity and logical simplicity. In his critical-rationalist realism, Einstein aimed to develop a "conception of the world" that expressed the logical unity of nature. Throughout his scientific career, this philosophical programme led him to produce "great syntheses", seeking compatibility between different physical systems.

A pesquisa apresenta aspectos sobre os desafios no ensino de filosofia em uma escola pública no estado de Alagoas. A metodologia classifica-se como qualitativa em relação a sua abordagem, quanto ao seu objetivo, como um estudo exploratório. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de duas etapas, sendo a primeira uma entrevista semiestruturada com a professora de filosofia da escola e na segunda etapa foram realizadas observações das aulas de filosofia em turmas do primeiro e terceiro ano do ensino médio. (...) Os resultados encontrados apontam que os problemas e as dificuldades apresentadas na pesquisa fazem parte de uma engrenagem social, no qual a classe dominante pensa e delimita a educação pública, de modo a manter seus interesses e privilégios. (shrink)

A Editora Contracorrente tem a satisfação de publicar o livro “A era do direito positivo: reflexões sobre política, Estado, Sociedade e Direito”, de autoria do ilustre João Antonio da Silva Filho, Conselheiro do Tribunal de Contas do Município de São Paulo. Nas palavras de Luís Fernando Massonetto, Professor de Direito Econômico da Universidade de São Paulo, esta obra se apresenta “como o esforço de reflexão de um militante político que forja sua consciência no processo de luta pelo direito e (...) que tenta expressar, em um momento mais maduro da sua vida, uma visão particular sobre o fenômeno jurídico a partir de uma leitura singular que ilumina os marcos do positivismo com reflexões sobre a política, a sociedade e o Estado”. (shrink)

O acesso ao conhecimento, nomeadamente, através da educação e da formação, como agente de inclusão social e digital está na lista de prioridades de diversos organismos internacionais e a preocupação com grupos minoritários, como a população prisional é uma realidade incontornável. A este respeito a literatura também tem sido clara na demonstração de como a educação é fundamental para responder às necessidades daqueles que se encontram no limiar da exclusão social, em risco e vulnerabilidade. Este será um caminho para aumentar (...) a justiça social e reduzir a discriminação através da frequência de cursos de educação e formação. Neste texto procura-se fazer uma breve revisitação histórica da atividade educativa nos presídios em Portugal, com especial destaque para a recente iniciativa desenvolvida pela Universidade Aberta portuguesa, em parceria com a Direção Geral de Reinserção e Serviços Prisionais, relacionada com a criação do Campus Virtual Educonline@pris que se assume como uma academia de formação e educação digital. Pedagogicamente assente no modelo desta instituição apresenta-se, ainda, o desenho de um programa de formação que irá ser desenvolvido num presídio português de jovens adultos reclusos na área das competências e cidadania digital. (shrink)

Escrito en tiempos pandémicos, socializamos en el artículo los diálogos del Grupo Voces de la Educación con los movimientos docentes latinoamericanos que realizan investigaciones desde la escuela y la comunidad. Defendemos la pluralidad, diversidad y potencia de tales experiencias en la producción de otros procesos formativos, que nos llaman a la construcción de solidaridades necesarias para afrontar la barbarie de los tiempos actuales.

In the context of propositional logics, we apply semantics modulo satisfiability—a restricted semantics which comprehends only valuations that satisfy some specific set of formulas—with the aim to efficiently solve some computational tasks. Three possible such applications are developed.We begin by studying the possibility of implicitly representing rational McNaughton functions in Łukasiewicz Infinitely-valued Logic through semantics modulo satisfiability. We theoretically investigate some approaches to such representation concept, called representation modulo satisfiability, and describe a polynomial algorithm that builds representations in the newly (...) introduced system. An implementation of the algorithm, test results and ways to randomly generate rational McNaughton functions for testing are presented. Moreover, we propose an application of such representations to the formal verification of properties of neural networks by means of the reasoning framework of Łukasiewicz Infinitely-valued Logic.Then, we move to the investigation of the satisfiability of joint probabilistic assignments to formulas of Łukasiewicz Infinitely-valued Logic, which is known to be an NP-complete problem. We provide an exact decision algorithm derived from the combination of linear algebraic methods with semantics modulo satisfiability. Also, we provide an implementation for such algorithm for which the phenomenon of phase transition is empirically detected.Lastly, we study the game theory situation of observable games, which are games that are known to reach a Nash equilibrium, however, an external observer does not know what is the exact profile of actions that occur in a specific instance; thus, such observer assigns subjective probabilities to players actions. We study the decision problem of determining if a set of these probabilistic constraints is coherent by reducing it to the problems of satisfiability of probabilistic assignments to logical formulas both in Classical Propositional Logic and Łukasiewicz Infinitely-valued Logic depending on whether only pure equilibria or also mixed equilibria are allowed. Such reductions rely upon the properties of semantics modulo satisfiability. We provide complexity and algorithmic discussion for the coherence problem and, also, for the problem of computing maximal and minimal probabilistic constraints on actions that preserves coherence.prepared by Sandro Márcio da Silva Preto.E-mail: [email protected]:https://doi.org/10.11606/T.45.2021.tde-17062021-163257. (shrink)

The concept of corporal image includes how own body, taking into account their constituent parts, as well as the feelings related the those characteristics. The entrance in academica life provokes alterations in the feeding behavior, and the exposition to the new social environment they can bring as consequence an increase in dissatisfaction. Objective: To investigate the satisfaction with the body image and eating behavior of academics at a university center. Methods: For data collection, the following instruments were used. The evaluation (...) was performed with anthropometric measurements, as size and weight measurements. In order to diagnose the nutritional status, the body mass index was used. In order to evaluate the study variables; we used the Body Checking questionnaires Questionnaire. Male Body Checking Questionnaire, Body Shape Questionnaire and EAT-26. Results: According to the Body Mass Index, the female gender had a higher rate of adequacy (70.4%), in relation to the masculine (58,9%). The EAT-26 questionnaire showed that 85% of male engineering students presented risk for Feeding Disorders, in relation to the female psychology (89.8%). Conclusion: In terms of feeding behavior, the women scored higher than men, which suggests a higher susceptibility to Feeding Disorders development in men. (shrink)

Neste prefácio, os editores convidados apresentam o tema e contexto da edição especial sobre 'The Logical Alien'. Eles também fazer uma breve introdução de cada um dos artigos publicados na edição especial.

Este trabalho discute a proposição lacaniana segundo a qual “o inconsciente é estruturado como uma linguagem” e sua fundamentação a partir da Antropologia de Lévi-Strauss. Em vista disso, discute o estatuto do significante como ser concreto e como representação vazia ou indeterminada, destituída de conteúdo ou significado e o da imagem fundante do mesmo, a qual se impõe como seu pressuposto essencial. Enfim, considera os limites e as contradições do significante para a tematização e a compreensão do inconsciente.

Este trabalho compõe-se de algumas reflexões sobre o ensino de filosofia na educação básica brasileira. Especificamente, analisar-se-ão dois pontos relativos à atividade filosófica na educação básica, a saber: 1) o ensino de filosofia concebido como exercício de pensamento, de modo a reivindicar, a partir da prática filosófica, um filosofar na educação; 2) as contribuições que a filosofia pode oferecer para a formação do aluno do ensino médio, sobretudo no que diz respeito ao exercício da cidadania. Esses dois pontos serão analisados (...) na perspectiva de reforçar a importância da filosofia como componente curricular obrigatório e como instrumento imprescindível para que sejam alcançados os objetivos do ensino médio, última etapa da educação básica, entendida esta como instrumento que prepara o indivíduo para exercer o seu papel de cidadão. (shrink)

Besides the general agreement about the human capability of reflection, there is a large area of disagreement and debate about the nature and value of “reflective scrutiny” and the role of “second-order states” in everyday life. This problem has been discussed in a vast and heterogeneous literature about topics such as epistemic injustice, epistemic norms, agency, understanding, meta-cognition etc. However, there is not yet any extensive and interdisciplinary work, specifically focused on the topic of the epistemic value of reflection. This (...) volume is one of the first attempts aimed at providing an innovative contribution, an exchange between philosophy, epistemology and psychology about the place and value of reflection in everyday life. -/- Our goal in the next sections is not to offer an exhaustive overview of recent work on epistemic reflection, nor to mimic all of the contributions made by the chapters in this volume. We will try to highlight some topics that have motivated a new resumption of this field and, with that, drawing on chapters from this volume where relevant. -/- Two elements defined the scope and content of this volume, on the one hand, the crucial contribution of Ernest Sosa, whose works provide original and thought-provoking contributions to contemporary epistemology in setting a new direction for old dilemmas about the nature and value of knowledge, giving a central place to reflection. On the other hand, the recent developments of cultural psychology, in the version of the “Aalborg approach”, reconsider the object and scope of psychological sciences, stressing that “[h]uman conduct is purposeful”. (shrink)

O presente artigo estabelece uma relação entre quatro elementos que não são usualmente associados no pensamento de Nietzsche: moral, democracia, educação e civilização. Buscamos mostrar que a democracia se baseia na moral e para isso cria um processo educacional que tem como objetivo manter as estruturas civilizacionais existentes. Neste percurso explicamos como os tipos humanos inferiores promovem o rebaixamento da vontade de poder dos tipos humanos superiores, criando um padrão civilizatório que valoriza acima de tudo o que é inferior e (...) se protege de qualquer possibilidade de mudança e elevação pulsional do tipo homem, por fim mostramos o papel da educação neste esforço dos tipos humanos inferiores. (shrink)

Precision medicine is emerging as a scientific bandwagon within the contemporary biomedical sciences in the United States. PM brings together concepts and tools from genomics and bioinformatics to develop better diagnostics and therapies based on individualized information. Developing countries like China and Brazil have also begun pursuing PM projects, motivated by a desire to claim genomic sovereignty over its population. In spite of commonalities, institutional arrangements produced by the history of genomics research in China and Brazil are ushering PM along (...) different trajectories. In the Chinese case, we identify a strong state-backed push for PM combined with a dynamic network of international academic and private actors along the lines of networked technonationalism that has made large-scale, speculative PM projects possible. The Brazilian case is characterized by an institutional void at the federal level in which PM is driven by domestic academic actors in universities in the regional level, resulting in smaller scale, needs-driven PM projects. Through these cases, this paper shows how a scientific bandwagon adapts to national histories and institutions. Through this peripheral translation of the scientific bandwagon, the global infrastructure of biomedical knowledge has the potential to be transformed. (shrink)

The aim of this text is to explore and discuss the way in which both the commercial films and the auteur cinema made by Luis Buñuel in Mexico, introduce us to the production of new cinematic representations of poverty. In order to do this, the films El gran calavera, Los olvidados, El Bruto and Nazarín will be analyzed. It is argued that these films suggest different ways in which poverty is inscribed that put the hegemonic representation imposed by the golden (...) age of Mexican cinema under tension. Moreover, the ideal of desire is recognized as a common mechanism in the actions of its protagonists. (shrink)

O presente artigo procura demonstrar a convergência entre o discurso religioso e o governamental em campanhas de prevenção ao HIV em Angola. Para tanto, utilizo-me de uma análise dos vídeos produzidos para o programa governamental de prevenção ao HIV da Televisão Pública de Angola, o “Stop Sida”. Pretendo demonstrar que a partir deles procura-se produzir sujeitos culpados, especialmente quando se tratam de mulheres, associando a infecção pelo vírus ao pecado, à condenação divina e à responsabilidade individual. Tal associação perpetua a (...) violência contra a mulher e mantém intacto o dispositivo social que faz delas as maiores vítimas da pandemia da aids em Angola e na África Sulsaariana. Palavras-chave: relações de gênero; cristianismo; prevenção ao HIV/Aids; África. (shrink)

Brentano’s theory of Intentionality gave rise to empirical psychology, considered by the mental acts of external objects and consciousness. In this sense, the purpose of this essay is to reflect on the phenomenon of auditory hallucinations, from the perspective of Franz Brentano’s intentionality, as a representative psychic phenomenon of internal experience. Auditory hallucinations, under a phenomenological approach, are considered as an experience of the relational process of a historical person. In analogy to the theory of the intentionality of mental acts, (...) the phenomenon of listening to voices becomes an experience perceived in the internal understanding of existential meanings, which must occur through two types of acts: the personal meaning, represented; and to relate, through intentional conduct, with the experienced reality. Finally, the importance of Brentano’s studies for humanist approaches I consider inseparable from phenomenological psychopathology, and therefore, makes it possible to reflect on the field of mental health. (shrink)

The natural instinct for members of the Committee on Publication Ethics, which now number almost 12,200, as well as academia, is to assume that this organization works under strict and clearly defined ethical parameters, with a solid vision, and an independent mandate that is not influenced by power, think tanks, or partisan interests. Naturally, whistle-blowing and science shaming are not practices that one would usually associate with an ethics organization like COPE, because they involve ethically and morally questionable practices. Despite (...) this, ethical borders have become blurred between the objectives of Retraction Watch and PubPeer, two self-moderated science watchdogs that rely heavily on these questionable practices, in their efforts to grow and survive, and the values espoused by COPE. A Retraction Watch post, in which the former COPE Chair, Virginia Barbour, made a claim of apparent harassment, is the most striking example of the dangers when collaboration may take place between science-shaming websites, and an ethics organization, COPE. These bonds appear to have been in development for a number of years already, with the inclusion of Elizabeth Wager, the former COPE Chair, as a director of The Center for Science Integrity Inc., Retraction Watch’s parent organization. Retraction Watch was financed by, among other groups, the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, whose leader, John Arnold, an ex-Enron trader, declared a “war on bad science”, which may naturally include the destruction of aspects of science as well. Retraction Watch embraces several infamous pseudonymous personas under the broad umbrella of freedom of speech, liaising thereby with PubPeer. There is no doubt that errors in the literature need correcting, but this apparent connection with COPE raises questions about the basic ethical foundation of this relationship. Are scientists to embrace this bond between COPE and science watchdogs and pseudonymous whistle-blowers as the new normal in the correction of the scientific literature? This opinion piece puts forward arguments why the author believes that the ethical compass of COPE has become skewed. (shrink)

Esta pesquisa apresenta uma análise da filosofia de Antístenes sobre a epískepsis tôn onomáton – investigação dos nomes. Este tema está relacionado ao problema da orthótes onomáton, que esteve sempre envolvida nas atividades dos sofistas. Nesse aspecto, a orthótes de Pródico, possivelmente um precedente inspirador para a análise antistênica dos nomes, está relacionada com a epískepsis de Antístenes naquilo que convergem e divergem as duas perspectivas. Tanto Pródico quanto Antístenes convergem na mesma base filosófica do princípio do eikeîos lógos e, (...) consequentemente, se identificam na mesma hipótese de uma linguagem objetiva que está estritamente ligada às coisas. Mas, os dois pensadores divergem não só no problema da relação entre linguagem e realidade como também no problema da polissemia. Além do mais, expõe-se na conjectura textual o exame do pressuposto filosófico antistênico, a saber, o eikeîos lógos, concernente ao problema interpretativo da passagem que Aristóteles menciona Antístenes: “ eikeîos lógos hèn eph´ henós ”, ou seja, enunciado próprio para cada coisa. A questão debatida é se a expressão “ hèn eph´ henós ” faz referência ao ónoma ou ao lógos. (shrink)

Neste texto, exploramos algumas das teses mais importantes desenvolvidas por Newton da Costa, ao longo da sua carreira filosófica. Apresentamos conceitos e ideias de suas obras, que reúnem contribuições no campo da lógica e da filosofia da ciência. A atenção será voltada aos trabalhos Sistemas formais inconsistentes, Ensaios sobre os fundamentos da lógica e O conhecimento científico, dos quais explicitaremos as temáticas e alguns dos conceitos e resultados alcançados pelo filósofo. Objetivamos com essa apresentação ressaltar a originalidade de seu pensamento, (...) isto é, de que modo suas respostas pessoais se dirigem a questões relevantes da história da filosofia, da matemática e da lógica. (shrink)

This paper provides an introduction to the history of the concept of “emerging infectious diseases” (EID) and reflects on how humanities and social science scholars have interacted with it. It starts with a chronological outline of the coinage of the concept in the early 1990s in the wake of the shocks provoked by Ebola and HIV/AIDS, which disrupted the idea that the West was transitioning from a period of infectious diseases to one of chronic diseases. We argue that humanities and (...) social science scholars in disciplines such as history, anthropology, STS, and literature studies have critically explored the concept, showing how entrenched it was in the perceptions of the US and Europe about threats posed by the rest of the globe. Moreover, we explore how scholars in the humanities have used the EID concept to comment on contemporary realities and mobilized it to create dialogues with scientists, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Subsequently, we explore how the growing contemporary interest in EID has pushed historians to research the ontological and epistemological factors that enabled the “emergence” of diseases long before the invention of the EID concept, such as plague, Chagas disease, and sleeping sickness, as well as the factors that transformed these and other emerging diseases into pandemics. We conclude by outlining a few neglected factors in the EID literature that could be addressed: the circulation and reception of the concept outside of the West, the examination of EID as a problem for wild animals and not just for humans, and global histories of disease emergence as an epistemological and social process. (shrink)